Te Ahumahi Paninga o Awherika ki te Tonga, te Huringa Āhuarangi me te Parahanga Kirihou

Ko te hau kati kōtuhi (GHG) e hua mai ana i te nui o te wahie pūngoi me ngā mahi whakahaere para ngoikore, ko ētahi o ngā wero matua e pā ana ki te umanga paninga o Āwherika, nō reira te akiaki i te auahatanga o ngā otinga tauwhiro e kore e tiaki noa i te tauwhirotanga o te umanga engari e whakamana ana hoki i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaitākaro puta noa i te mekameka uara o te iti o ngā whakapaunga pakihi me ngā whiwhinga nui.

Kei te karanga ngā tohunga kia nui ake te arotahi ki te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā mahi i mua i te whakapaunga ina tae mai ki te tākai hei whakaiti i ngā para whakakorekore mēnā ka whai wāhi te rohe ki te korenga o ngā para i te tau 2050, me te whakawhānui ake i te porowhita o te mekameka uara o te umanga paninga.

Āwherika ki te Tonga
I Āwherika ki te Tonga, ko te nui o te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pūtake hiko e ahu mai ana i ngā pūngao paraihe hei whakakaha i ngā mahi a ngā tipu paninga, me te kore o ngā tikanga whakakore para e pai ana te whakahaere me te whai mana, kua akiakihia ētahi o ngā kamupene paninga o te whenua ki te whiriwhiri i ngā haumitanga ki te tuku pūngao ma me ngā otinga tākai ka taea te whakamahi anō me te hangarua e ngā kaihanga me ā rātou kaihoko.

Hei tauira, ko Polyoak Packaging kei Cape Town, he kamupene e tohunga ana ki te hoahoa me te hanga i ngā takai kirihou pakari e aro ana ki te taiao mō ngā kai, inu me ngā tono ahumahi, e kī ana ko te huringa āhuarangi me te parahanga kirihou, e kīia ana ko te rāngai hangahanga tae atu ki te umanga paninga, he "raruraru kino" e rua o te ao engari e wātea ana ngā otinga mā ngā kaitākaro mākete paninga auaha.

I kī a Cohn Gibb, te kaiwhakahaere hokohoko a te kamupene, i Johannesburg i te Pipiri 2024, neke atu i te 75% o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi te rāngai pūngao, ā, ko te pūngao o te ao i ahu mai i ngā wahie pūmua. I Āwherika ki te Tonga, tae atu ki te 91% o te pūngao katoa o te whenua he wahie pūmua, ki te whakataurite ki te 80% o te ao, ā, ko te waro te nuinga o te tuku hiko o te motu.

"Ko Āwherika ki te Tonga te 13 o ngā whenua G20 e whakaputa ana i ngā hau kati kōtuhi nui rawa atu o te ao, me te rāngai pūngao nui rawa atu e whakamahi ana i te waro," tana kī.

Ko Eskom, te kamupene hiko o Āwherika ki te Tonga, "tetahi o ngā kaihanga nui rawa atu o te GHG o te ao nā te mea he nui ake tana tukunga hauhā whanariki i te US me Haina katoa," te kitenga a Gibb.

He pānga nui tō te nui o ngā tukunga hauhā whanariki ki ngā tukanga hanga me ngā pūnaha o Āwherika ki te Tonga, ā, ka hiahiatia ngā kōwhiringa pūngao ma.
Ko te hiahia ki te tautoko i ngā mahi a te ao ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hiko e ahu mai ana i ngā wahie pūmua me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, me te whakaiti i te whakahekenga kawenga tonu e pā ana ki ngā utu a Eskom, kua akiakihia a Polyoak ki te whakamahi i te pūngao hou, ā, ka kitea e te kamupene te whakaputa tata ki te 5.4 miriona kwh ia tau.

Ko te pūngao ma e whakaputaina ana "ka penapena i te 5,610 tana o ngā tukunga CO2 ia tau, ā, me 231,000 ngā rākau ia tau hei mimiti," te kī a Gibb.

Ahakoa kāore e ranea te haumitanga ki te pūngao hou hei tautoko i ngā mahi a Polyoak, kua haumi te kamupene ki ngā whakaputa hiko hei whakarite kia kore e mutu te tuku hiko i te wā e whakahekehia ana te kawenga kia pai ai te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga.

I tētahi atu wāhi, e ai ki a Gibb ko Āwherika ki te Tonga tētahi o ngā whenua he kino rawa ngā mahi whakahaere para o te ao, ā, me whai otinga auaha mō ngā tākai a ngā kaihanga paninga hei whakaiti i te nui o ngā para kāore e taea te whakamahi anō me ngā para hangarua i roto i tētahi whenua kāore he momo kohikohinga para e tae atu ki te 35% o ngā whare. He nui te wāhanga o ngā para e puta mai ana ka maka turekoretia, ka makahia ki roto i ngā awaawa e whakawhānui ana i ngā kāinga noho kore ture, e ai ki a Gibb.

Tākai Whakamahi Anō
Ko te wero nui rawa atu mō te whakahaere para e ahu mai ana i ngā kamupene takai kirihou me ngā paninga, ā, he whai wāhitanga anō hoki ā ngā kaiwhakarato ki te whakaiti i te taumahatanga ki te taiao mā roto i ngā takai roa ka taea te whakamahi anō, ka taea hoki te hangarua ngāwari mēnā e tika ana.

I te tau 2023, i whakawhanakehia e te Tari Ngāherehere me te Hī Ika me te Taiao o Āwherika ki te Tonga te aratohu mō te tākai o te whenua e kapi ana i ngā momo rauemi tākai e whā: te konganuku, te karāhe, te pepa me te kirihou.

Ko te aratohu, e ai ki te tari, he āwhina i te "whakaiti i te nui o ngā takai e mutu ana ki ngā wāhi ururua mā te whakapai ake i te hoahoa hua, te whakanui ake i te kounga o ngā mahi whakaputa me te whakatairanga i te aukati i ngā para."

"Ko tētahi o ngā whāinga matua o tēnei aratohu mō te tākai he āwhina i ngā kaihoahoa i roto i ngā momo tākai katoa kia pai ake ai te mārama ki ngā pānga taiao o ā rātou whakataunga hoahoa, kia whakatairangahia ai ngā mahi taiao pai me te kore e whakawhāiti i ngā kōwhiringa," te kī a te minita o mua o DFFE, a Creecy Barbara, kua nekehia ki te tari kawe waka.

I Polyoak, e ai ki a Gibb, kei te akiaki tonu te whakahaere o te kamupene i ā rātou takai pepa e arotahi ana ki te "whakamahi anō i ngā kātene hei whakaora i ngā rākau." He mea hanga ngā kātene a Polyoak mai i te papa kātene kounga kai mō ngā take haumaru.

"I te toharite, e 17 ngā rākau e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i te kotahi tana o te papa waro," te kī a Gibb.
"Mā tā mātou kaupapa whakahoki kātene ka taea te whakamahi anō i ia kātene mō te rima wā noa iho," tāna tāpiri, me te whakahua i te tohu nui o te tau 2021 o te hoko i te 1600 tana o ngā kātene hou, me te whakamahi anō i aua kātene, ā, ka whakaorangia e 6,400 ngā rākau."

E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a Gibb, i roto i te neke atu i te kotahi tau, mā te whakamahi anō i ngā kātene ka ora ai te 108,800 ngā rākau, he rite ki te kotahi miriona ngā rākau i roto i te 10 tau.

E ai ki te whakatau tata a te DFFE, neke atu i te 12 miriona tana o te pepa me ngā takai pepa kua kohia hei hangarua i roto i te whenua i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, ā, e ai ki te kāwanatanga neke atu i te 71% o ngā pepa me ngā takai ka taea te whakaora i kohia i te tau 2018, tae atu ki te 1,285 miriona tana.

Engari ko te wero nui rawa atu e pā ana ki Āwherika ki te Tonga, pērā i te maha o ngā whenua o Āwherika, ko te piki haere o te whakakorenga kore ture o ngā kirihou, inā koa ko ngā pirepire kirihou, ngā para rānei.

"Me ārai e te umanga kirihou te maringi o ngā pirepire, ngā maramara kirihou, ngā paura rānei ki te taiao mai i ngā whare hanga me ngā whare tohatoha," te kī a Gibb.

I tēnei wā, kei te whakahaerehia e Polyoak tētahi kaupapa e kiia nei ko 'hopukia te pire pirepire' e whai ana kia āraihia ngā pirepire kirihou i mua i te urunga ki ngā waikeri ua o Āwherika ki te Tonga.

"Engari, e pohehetia ana ngā pirepire kirihou hei kai reka ki te tini o ngā ika me ngā manu i muri i te paheke atu i roto i ngā waikeri wai ua, ka uru atu ki roto i ngā awa, ka rere ki raro ki te moana, ā, ka mutu ka horoia ki ō tātou takutai moana."

I ahu mai ngā pire kirihou i ngā kirihou moroiti i ahu mai i te puehu potae me te muka moroiti i te horoinga me te whakamaroke i ngā kākahu nairona me te polyester.

Neke atu i te 87% o ngā kirihou moroiti kua hokohokohia hei tohu rori (7%), hei muka moroiti (35%), hei puehu tāone (24%), hei potae (28%) me hei pepa whariki (0.3%).

Tērā pea ka mau tonu tēnei āhuatanga i te mea e kī ana a DFFE "kāore a Āwherika ki te Tonga i ngā kaupapa whakahaere para nui mō te wehenga me te tukatuka i ngā takai pirau me ngā takai wairākau."

"Nō reira, kāore he uara tūturu o ēnei rauemi ki ngā kaikohi para ōkawa, ā-ture rānei, nō reira, tera pea ka noho tonu ngā hua ki te taiao, ka mutu rānei ki te whenua ururua," te kī a DFFE.

Ahakoa te noho o te Ture Tiaki Kaihoko, Ngā Wāhanga 29 me te 41, me te Ture Paerewa 2008, Ngā Wāhanga 27(1) me te {2) e aukati ana i ngā kereme teka, tinihanga, mō ngā kai o te hua, ngā āhuatanga mahi rānei, tae atu ki ngā pakihi mai i te kereme teka, te mahi rānei i roto i te huarahi e "hanga ai te whakaaro kei te tutuki ngā hua i tētahi Paerewa ā-Motu o Awherika ki te Tonga, i ētahi atu whakaputanga rānei a te SABS."

I roto i te wā poto ki te wā waenga, e akiaki ana a DFFE i ngā kamupene kia whakaiti i te pānga taiao o ngā hua me ngā ratonga puta noa i tō rātou huringa oranga katoa "nā te mea ko te huringa āhuarangi me te oranga tonutanga ngā wero nui rawa atu o te hapori i ēnei rā, he mea tino nui tēnei mā rātou."