He kanapa te heke mai o te mākete paninga ārai-waikura o Rūhia

Ko ngā kaupapa hou i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau o Rūhia, tae atu ki te papa o te Arctic, e oati ana i te tipu tonu o te mākete ā-rohe mō ngā paninga ārai-waikura.

He pānga nui, engari he pānga poto noa iho, kua pā mai te mate urutā COVID-19 ki te mākete warowaihā o te ao. I te marama o Āperira o te tau 2020, i eke te tono hinu o te ao ki te taumata iti rawa mai i te tau 1995, ā, i heke iho te utu paerewa mō te hinu mata o Brent ki te $28 ia oko whai muri i te pikinga tere o ngā taonga hinu tāpui.

I tētahi wā, kua heke te utu hinu o Amerika ki raro mō te wā tuatahi i roto i te hītori. Heoi, te āhua nei kāore ēnei huihuinga whakaharahara e aukati i ngā mahi a te umanga hinu me te hau o Ruhia, nā te mea e matapaetia ana ka hoki wawe mai te hiahia o te ao mō ngā warowaihā.

Hei tauira, e matapaetia ana e te IEA ka hoki mai te hiahia mō te hinu ki ngā taumata i mua i te raruraru nui i te tau 2022. Me hoki mai anō te tipu o te hiahia mō te hau – ahakoa te hekenga nui i te tau 2020 – i roto i te wā roa, ki tētahi taumata, nā te tere haere o te whakawhiti waro-ki-hau o te ao mō te whakaputa hiko.

Kei te pupuri ngā kamupene nunui o Ruhia, a Lukoil, Novatek, Rosneft, me ētahi atu i ngā mahere ki te whakarewa i ngā kaupapa hou mō te tango hinu me te hau i runga i te whenua me te papa o te Arctic. E kite ana te kāwanatanga o Ruhia ko te whakamahi i ana rahui hinu Arctic mā te LNG te kaupapa matua o tana Rautaki Pūngao ki te tau 2035.

I roto i tēnei horopaki, he pai hoki ngā matapae mō te tono a Rūhia mō ngā paninga ārai-waikura. Ko te tapeke o ngā hoko i tēnei wāhanga i te tau 2018 ko te 18.5 piriona Rubs ($250 miriona), e ai ki ngā rangahau a te rōpū whakaaro Discovery Research Group o Moscow. Ko ngā paninga mō te 7.1 piriona Rubs ($90 miriona) i kawemai ki Rūhia, ahakoa he iti haere te kawemai i tēnei wāhanga, e ai ki ngā kaitātari.

I whakatauhia e tētahi atu tari tohutohu kei Moscow, ko Concept-Center, ko ngā hoko i runga i te mākete i waenga i te 25,000 me te 30,000 tana i runga i ngā tikanga ā-tinana. Hei tauira, i te tau 2016, ko te mākete mō te paninga ārai-waikura i Rūhia i whakatauhia ki te 2.6 piriona Rub ($42 miriona). E whakaponohia ana kei te tipu haere tonu te mākete i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei me te tere toharite o te rua ki te toru ōrau ia tau.

E whakapono ana ngā kaiuru o te mākete ka piki ake te hiahia mō ngā paninga i tēnei wāhanga i ngā tau e haere ake nei, ahakoa kāore anō kia mutu te pānga o te mate urutā COVID-19.

"E ai ki ā mātou matapae, ka paku piki ake te tono [i ngā tau e haere ake nei]. Me whakamahi te umanga hinu me te hau i ngā momo paninga ārai-waikura, ātete-wera, ātete-ahi me ētahi atu momo paninga hei whakatinana i ngā kaupapa hou. I taua wā anō, kei te neke te tono ki ngā paninga mahi-maha kotahi-paparanga. Ko te tikanga, kāore e taea te wareware i ngā hua o te mate urutā coronavirus, kāore anō kia mutu," te kī a Maxim Dubrovsky, te kaiwhakahaere matua o te kaihanga paninga Rūhia, a Akrus. "I raro i te matapae pouri, tērā pea kāore te hanganga [i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau] e tere rite ki te whakamahere o mua."

Kei te mahi te kāwanatanga i ngā mahi hei whakaoho i ngā haumitanga me te whakatutuki i te tere o te hanganga kua whakaritea.

Whakataetae kore-utu

E ai ki a Industrial Coatings, e 30 pea ngā kaitākaro kei roto i te mākete paninga ārai-waikura o Rūhia. Ko ngā kaitākaro matua o tāwāhi ko Hempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, me ētahi atu.

Ko ngā kaiwhakarato nui rawa atu o Rūhia ko Akrus, VMP, Russian Paints, Empils, Moscow Chemical Plant, ZM Volga me Raduga.

I roto i ngā tau e rima kua pahure ake nei, kua whakatūria e ētahi kamupene ehara i te kamupene nō Rūhia, tae atu ki a Jotun, Hempel me PPG ngā paninga ārai-waikura ki Rūhia. He mārama te take ōhanga kei muri i tēnei whakatau. Ko te wā whakahoki mō te whakarewatanga o ngā paninga ārai-waikura hou ki te mākete Rūhia kei waenganui i te toru ki te rima tau, e ai ki te whakatau a Azamat Gareev, te tumuaki o ZIT Rossilber.

E ai ki a Industrial Coatings, ka taea te whakaahua i tēnei wāhanga o te mākete paninga Rūhia he oligopsony – he momo mākete he iti te tokomaha o ngā kaihoko. He rerekē, he nui te tokomaha o ngā kaihoko. He tino pakari ngā whakaritenga ā-roto o ia kaihoko Rūhia, me tutuki e ngā kaiwhakarato. Tērā pea he nui rawa te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā whakaritenga a ngā kiritaki.

Nā reira, koinei tētahi o ngā wāhanga ruarua o te umanga paninga Rūhia, kāore nei te utu i roto i ngā āhuatanga matua e whakatau ana i te tono.

Hei tauira, i whakamanahia e Rosneft ngā momo paninga ārai-waikura e 224, e ai ki te rēhita Rūhia o ngā kaiwhakarato paninga ahumahi hinu me te hau. Hei whakataurite, i whakaaetia e Gazprom e 55 ngā paninga, ā, e 34 anake a Transneft.

I ētahi wāhanga, he tino nui te wāhi o ngā kawemai. Hei tauira, tata ki te 80 ōrau o ngā paninga e kawemai ana ngā kamupene Rūhia mō ngā kaupapa ki tāwāhi.

"He tino kaha te whakataetae i te mākete Rūhia mō ngā paninga ārai-waikura," te kī a Dmitry Smirnov, te kaiwhakahaere matua o te Moscow Chemical Plant. Mā tēnei ka akiaki te kamupene ki te pupuri i te tono me te whakarewa i te hanga o ngā raina paninga hou i ia rua tau. Kei te whakahaere hoki te kamupene i ngā pokapū ratonga, e whakahaere ana i te tono paninga, tāna tāpiri.

"He nui ngā kaha o ngā kamupene paninga Rūhia ki te whakawhānui ake i te hanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te kawemai. Ko te nuinga o ngā paninga mō ngā kamupene hinu me te hau, tae atu ki ērā mō ngā kaupapa ki tāwāhi, ka hangaia i ngā wheketere o Rūhia. I ēnei rā, hei whakapai ake i te āhua ōhanga, he mea nui kia whakapiki ake i te putanga o ā rātou ake taonga i hangaia mō ngā whenua katoa," te kī a Dubrobsky.

Ko te korenga o ngā rauemi mata mō te hanga paninga ārai-waikura kei roto i ngā āhuatanga e aukati ana i ngā kamupene Rūhia ki te whakawhānui i tā rātou wāhanga ki te mākete, e ai ki te pūrongo a te Industrial Coatings, e whakahua ana i ngā kaitātari mākete ā-rohe. Hei tauira, he korenga o ngā isocyanate aliphatic, ngā kapia epoxy, te puehu konutea me ētahi tae.

"He nui te whakawhirinaki o te umanga matū ki ngā rauemi mata kawemai, ā, he aro nui ki te utu. Nā te whanaketanga o ngā hua hou i Rūhia me te whakakapinga kawemai, he pai ngā au e pā ana ki te tuku rauemi mata mō te umanga paninga," te kī a Dubrobsky.

"Me whakanui ake i ngā kaha hei whakataetae, hei tauira, ki ngā kaiwhakarato Āhia. Inaianei ka taea te tono i ngā whakakī, ngā tae, ngā kapia, inā koa te alkyd me te epoxy, mai i ngā kaihanga Rūhia. Ko te mākete mō ngā whakapakeke isocyanate me ngā tāpiringa mahi e whakaratohia ana e ngā kawemai. Me matapakihia te whaihua o te whakawhanake i tā mātou hanga o ēnei wāhanga i te taumata kāwanatanga."

Ngā paninga mō ngā kaupapa taiwhenua kei te arotahi

Ko te kaupapa tuatahi o te takutai moana o Ruhia ko te tūāpapa whakaputa hinu ātete-huka o Prirazlomnaya i te Moana Pechora, ki te tonga o Novaya Zemlya. I whiriwhiria e Gazprom a Chartek 7 mai i International Paint Ltd. E ai ki ngā pūrongo i hokona e te kamupene he 350,000 kg o ngā paninga hei tiaki i te tūāpapa mai i te waikura.

Ko tētahi atu kamupene hinu Rūhia, ko Lukoil, kei te whakahaere i te tūāpapa Korchagin mai i te tau 2010 me te tūāpapa Philanovskoe mai i te tau 2018, kei te Moana Caspian ēnei e rua.

Nā Jotun i whakarato ngā paninga ārai-waikura mō te kaupapa tuatahi, ā, nā Hempel mō te kaupapa tuarua. I tēnei wāhanga, he tino pakari ngā whakaritenga mō ngā paninga, nā te mea he mea kore e taea te whakaora i te rōia paninga i raro i te wai.

Ko te hiahia mō ngā paninga ārai-waikura mō te wāhanga moana e hono ana ki te heke mai o te umanga hinu me te hau o te ao. Kei a Rūhia te 80 ōrau o ngā rauemi hinu me te hau e huna ana i raro i te papa o te Arctic me te nuinga o ngā rahui kua tūhuratia.

Hei whakataurite, e 10 ōrau noa iho o ngā rauemi papa whenua kei te US, ā, whai muri ko Kanata, ko Tenemāka, ko Greenland me Nōwei, e wehewehe ana i te 10 ōrau e toe ana i waenganui i a rātou. E ai ki te whakatau tata, ko ngā rahui hinu o waho o Ruhia e rima piriona tana o ngā hinu ōrite. Kei te tuarua a Nōwei me te kotahi piriona tana o ngā rahui kua whakamātauhia.

"Engari mō ētahi take – ā-ōhanga me te taiao – tērā pea kāore aua rauemi e whakahokia mai," te kī a Anna Kireeva, te kaitātari o te whakahaere tiaki taiao a Bellona. "E ai ki te maha o ngā whakatau tata, ka piki te hiahia o te ao mō te hinu i roto i ngā tau e whā mai i nāianei, i te tau 2023. Kei te wehe atu hoki ngā pūtea haumi a te kāwanatanga nui i hangaia i runga i te hinu i ngā haumitanga ki te rāngai hinu – he nekehanga ka taea te akiaki i te nekehanga whakapaipai o te ao mai i ngā hinu pūmua i te mea e ringihia ana e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā kaipupuri moni ki te pūngao hou."

I taua wā anō, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te whakamahinga o te hau māori i roto i ngā tau 20 ki te 30 e whai ake nei – ā, ko te hau te nuinga o ngā rawa o Rūhia, ehara i te mea kei te papa o te Arctic anake, engari kei te whenua hoki. Kua kī te Perehitini Vladimir Putin ko tana whāinga kia waiho a Rūhia hei kaiwhakarato hau māori nui rawa atu o te ao – he tirohanga kāore i te tino kitea i runga i te whakataetae a Moscow mai i te Middle East, ka tāpiri a Kireeva.

Heoi, i kī ngā kamupene hinu o Rūhia, ko te kaupapa hinu whakatārewatanga pea te mea nui mō te umanga hinu me te hau o Rūhia.

E ai ki te kamupene, ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa rautaki matua a Rosneft ko te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi warowaihā i te papa whenua.

I tēnei rā, ina kitea, ina whakawhanakehia hoki te nuinga o ngā mara hinu me te hau nui o uta, ā, ina tere tipu haere ngā hangarau me te hanga hinu shale, kāore e taea te whakahē ko te heke mai o te hanga hinu o te ao kei runga i te papa whenua o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, e ai ki a Rosneft i roto i tētahi kōrero i runga i tana paetukutuku. Ko te papa whenua o Rūhia te mea nui rawa atu o te ao: Neke atu i te ono miriona km, ā, ko Rosneft te kaipupuri raihana nui rawa atu mō te papa whenua o Rūhia, e ai ki tā te kamupene.