Rōpū Mahi

I roto i te matū, inā koa i roto i te matū waro, ko te rōpū mahi he rōpū ngota motuhake i roto i te ngota e kawenga ana mō ngā tauhohenga matū āhuatanga o te ngota. Whakaarohia koinei te "pae hohe" te "wāhanga e tautuhi ana i te whanonga" rānei o te ngota waro. Ahakoa te rahi, te āhua rānei o te toenga o te ngota, ka whanonga te rōpū mahi i roto i te huarahi e taea te matapae i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū.

He aha te hiranga o ngā Rōpū Mahi?

Ko ngā rōpū mahi te mea e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga me te tauhohenga o ngā pūhui waro. Ka whakamahia ēnei e ngā matū hei whakarōpū i ngā ngota waro me te matapae i te āhua o tā rātou tauhohenga. Hei tauira, he rerekē ngā rōpū mahi o ngā waipiro, ngā waikawa, ngā ester, me ngā ketone, ā, he rerekē te tauhohenga o ia rōpū i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū.

Mā te tautuhi i ngā rōpū mahi i roto i te ngota ngota, ka taea e koe te:

● Matapaetia me pēhea tana whanonga i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū.
● Kia mārama ki tōna wairewatanga (ahakoa ka wairewa ki te wai, kāore rānei).
● Whakatauhia mēnā he waikawa, he kawakore rānei.
● Matapaetia tōna ira kohua, ira rewa rānei.

Ngā Tauira o ngā Rōpū Mahi Noa

Me titiro tātou ki ētahi o ngā rōpū mahi tino noa i roto i te matū waro:

1. Rōpū Haikokarihi (-OH)

● Kei roto i ngā waipiro.
● Ka hanga i ngā ngota kia porotaka, ā, ka taea te hanga hononga hauwai.
● Tauira: Etanora (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Rōpū Kāponira (C=O)

● Kei roto i ngā ketone me ngā aldehyde.
● He waro e rua ngā hononga ki te ngota hāora.
● Tauira:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Rōpū Kāpokasil (-COOH)

● Kei roto i ngā waikawa carboxylic.
● Ka meinga te ngota kia waikawa.
● Tauira: Te waikawa acetic (CH₃COOH), te waikawa matua i roto i te winika.

4. Rōpū Amino (-NH₂)

● Kei roto i ngā amine me ngā waikawa amino.
● Ka taea te mahi hei turanga, ā, ka taea hoki te tango i ngā porotini.
● Tauira: Ko te Glycine, he waikawa amino.

5. Rōpū Ester (-COO-)

● Kei roto i ngā ester.
● He maha ngā wā ka kakara reka ngā hua.
● I hangaia mai i te waikawa me te waipiro.
● Tauira: Ethyl acetate (e whakamahia ana i roto i te tango peita whao).

6. Rōpū Etera (ROR)

● He ngota hāora e hono ana ki ngā rōpū waro e rua.
● He mea noa i roto i ngā whakarewa.
● Tauira: Diethyl ether.

7. Rōpū Halide (CX)

● Ko X = he halogen pēnei i a F, Cl, Br, I rānei.
● Kei roto i ngā alkyl halides.
● Whakamahia i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā ārai mura.

8. Rōpū Hākawaira (-SH)

● Kei roto i ngā thiol.
● He rite ki te hydroxyl engari he whanariki kei roto.
● He mea nui ki te hanganga pūmua (ngā hononga disulfide).

Ngā Rōpū Mahi me te Tauhohenga

Ko te noho mai o tētahi rōpū mahi motuhake i roto i tētahi ngota ngota e tino whakatau ana i te tauhohenga a taua ngota ngota. Hei tauira:

● Ka taea te whakamaroke i ngā waipiro (-OH) hei hanga i ngā alkene.
● Ka taea e ngā waikawa carboxylic (-COOH) te tauhohe ki ngā waipiro hei hanga i ngā esters.
● Ka taea e ngā amine (-NH₂) te mahi hei turanga, ā, ka taea hoki te tango i ngā iona hauwai.

He tino whai hua tēnei whanonga e taea te matapae i roto i te matū hangai, te hoahoa rongoā, me te pūtaiao rauemi.

Ngā Rōpū Mahi i roto i ngā Ngota Koiora

He mea nui anō hoki ngā rōpū mahi ki te ora. I roto i te matū koiora, ko te hanganga me te mahi a ngā pūmua, te DNA, ngā warowaihā, me ngā ngako e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā rōpū mahi kei roto i a rātou.

● Kei roto i ngā pūmua ngā rōpū amino (-NH₂) me te carboxyl (-COOH).
● He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā warowaihā ngā rōpū hydroxyl (-OH) me te carbonyl (C=O).
● Kei roto i te DNA me te RNA ngā rōpū phosphate (-PO₄) me ngā turanga kei roto te hauota.

Mā ēnei rōpū ka taea e ngā ngota koiora te taunekeneke, te hanga hononga hauwai, te whakawhiti pūngao, me ētahi atu.

Te Whakamahinga a ngā Kaimātai Matū i ngā Rōpū Mahi

He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga matū te tuhi i ngā tohu rōpū mahi ina tuhi, ina whakaingoa rānei i ngā ngota ngota. I roto i ngā tauhohenga matū, ka kōrero pea rātou mō ngā tauhohenga a te rōpū e whai wāhi ana. Hei tauira:

● Ko te "whakahāoratanga waipiro" e pā ana ki ngā tauhohenga e whai wāhi ana ngā rōpū -OH.
● Ko te "whakakapinga nucleophilic" he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki ngā rōpū mahi halide.

Ka whakamahia hoki e rātou te tātari rōpū mahi hei tautuhi i ngā matū kāore e mōhiotia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te mātaitanga infrared (IR) me te aukume karihi (NMR), nā te mea he ahurei te mimiti o ia rōpū i te pūngao.

Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te rōpū mahi he rōpū ngota motuhake i roto i te ngota e hoatu ana ki te ngota ōna āhuatanga me te tauhohenga motuhake. Koinei te pūtake o te matū waro, e whakarato ana i te huarahi ki te whakarōpū me te matapae i te whanonga o ngā ngota matatini. Mai i ngā waipiro māmā ki te DNA matatini, ka āwhina ngā rōpū mahi ki te tautuhi i te hanganga, te mahi, me te tauhohenga o ngā matū matū. He mea nui te mārama ki a rātou hei matatau ki te matū, inā koa i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te rongoā, te koiora, me te matū ahumahi.