1. Ka aha mēnā ka maroke rawa te waituhi?Tērā te ariā e mea ana, ina nui rawa te hihi ultraviolet e pāngia ana e te mata o te waituhi, ka pakeke haere. Ina tāia anō e te tangata tētahi atu waituhi ki runga i tēnei kiriata waituhi kua whakapakeketia, ā, ka whakamaroketia mō te wā tuarua, ka ngoikore te piri i waenga i ngā paparanga waituhi o runga me raro.
Ko tētahi atu ariā, mā te whakamaroke rawa ka puta te waikura-whakaahua i runga i te mata o te waituhi. Mā te waikura-whakaahua ka whakangaro i ngā hononga matū i runga i te mata o te kiriata waituhi. Mena ka pakaru, ka pakaru rānei ngā hononga ngota i runga i te mata o te kiriata waituhi, ka iti te piri i waenganui i a ia me tētahi atu paparanga waituhi. Kāore i te iti ake te ngāwari o ngā kiriata waituhi kua whakamaroke rawa, engari he ngāwari hoki ki te pakarukaru i te mata.
2. He aha i tere ake ai te maroke o ētahi waituhi UV i ētahi atu?Ko te tikanga, ka hangaia ngā waituhi UV kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o ētahi papa me ngā whakaritenga motuhake o ētahi tono. Mai i te tirohanga matū, ko te tere o te whakamaroke o te waituhi, ko te kino o tōna ngāwari i muri i te whakamaroke. E ai ki tāu e whakaaro ana, ina whakamarokehia te waituhi, ka pāngia ngā ngota waituhi e ngā tauhohenga hononga-whiti. Mena ka hangaia e ēnei ngota he maha o ngā mekameka ngota me ngā manga maha, ka tere te whakamaroke o te waituhi engari kāore e tino ngāwari; ki te hangaia e ēnei ngota he iti noa ngā mekameka ngota kāore he manga, ka puhoi pea te whakamaroke o te waituhi engari ka tino ngāwari. Ko te nuinga o ngā waituhi ka hangaia i runga i ngā whakaritenga tono. Hei tauira, mō ngā waituhi i hangaia mō te hanga pana membrane, me hototahi te kiriata waituhi whakamaroke ki ngā piripiri hiato, ā, me ngāwari hoki kia urutau ki ngā tukatuka o muri mai pēnei i te tapahi-mati me te whakairo.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia kāore e taea e ngā rauemi mata matū e whakamahia ana i roto i te mangumangu te tauhohe ki te mata o te papa, ki te kore ka pakaru, ka pakaru, ka wehe rānei. Ko te tikanga ka puhoi te maroke o aua mangumangu. Ko ngā mangumangu i hangaia mō te hanga kāri, mō ngā papa whakaaturanga kirihou mārō rānei, kāore e hiahiatia he ngāwari nui, ā, ka tere te maroke i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te tono. Ahakoa ka tere, ka puhoi rānei te maroke o te mangumangu, me tīmata tātou mai i te tono whakamutunga. Ko tētahi atu take he mea tika kia mōhiotia ko ngā taputapu whakamaroke. Ka tere te maroke o ētahi mangumangu, engari nā te iti o te whai huatanga o ngā taputapu whakamaroke, ka puhoi pea te tere whakamaroke o te mangumangu, ka kore rānei e tino maroke.
3. He aha i huri ai te kiriata polycarbonate (PC) ki te kōwhai ina whakamahia e au te waituhi UV?He tairongo te polycarbonate ki ngā hihi ultraviolet me te roanga ngaru iti iho i te 320 nanometer. Ko te kōwhai o te mata kiriata ka puta mai i te whati o te mekameka ngota i puta mai i te photooxidation. Ka mimitihia e ngā hononga ngota kirihou te kaha o te hihi ultraviolet ka puta he rauropi kore utu. Ka tauhohe ēnei rauropi kore utu ki te hāora i te rangi ka huri i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kirihou.
4. Me pēhea te karo, te whakakore rānei i te kōwhai o te mata polycarbonate?Mena ka whakamahia te waituhi UV hei tā ki runga i te kiriata polycarbonate, ka taea te whakaiti i te kōwhai o tōna mata, engari kāore e taea te whakakore katoa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūangi whakamaroke me te rino, te kariuma rānei i tāpirihia ka taea te whakaiti i te putanga mai o tēnei kōwhai. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei pūangi te tukunga o ngā hihi ultraviolet poto-roa hei karo i te kino ki te polycarbonate. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamaroke tika i ia tae waituhi ka āwhina hoki ki te whakaiti i te wā whakaatu o te papa ki te mārama ultraviolet me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whakakorenga o te kiriata polycarbonate.
5. He aha te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tawhā tautuhinga (watts ia inihi) i runga i te rama whakamaroke UV me ngā pānui e kitea ana e tātou i runga i te ine irirangi (watts ia henimita tapawha, milliwatts rānei ia henimita tapawha)?
Ko te Watts ia inihi te waeine mana o te rama whakamaroke, e ahu mai ana i te ture a Ohm, arā, ko ngā volts (ngaohiko) x amps (au) = watts (mana); ko ngā watts ia henimita tapawha, ko ngā milliwatts ia henimita tapawha rānei, e tohu ana i te māramatanga tihi (pūngao UV) mō ia waeine horahanga ina haere te ine irirangi i raro i te rama whakamaroke. Ko te māramatanga tihi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mana o te rama whakamaroke. Ko te take e whakamahia ai e tātou ngā watts hei ine i te māramatanga tihi, nā te mea e tohu ana i te pūngao hiko e pau ana i te rama whakamaroke. Haunga te nui o te hiko e whiwhihia ana e te waeine whakamaroke, ko ētahi atu mea e pā ana ki te māramatanga tihi ko te āhua me te āhua o te whakaata, te pakeke o te rama whakamaroke, me te tawhiti i waenga i te rama whakamaroke me te mata whakamaroke.
6. He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā mirijoule me ngā miriwati?Ko te pūngao katoa e whiti ana ki tētahi mata motuhake mō tētahi wā kua whakaritea, ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā joule mō ia henimita papatahi, i ngā mirijoule rānei mō ia henimita tapawha. E pā ana tēnei ki te tere o te whitiki kawe, te mana, te maha, te pakeke, te āhua o ngā rama whakamaroke, me te āhua me te āhua o ngā whakaata i roto i te pūnaha whakamaroke. Ko te mana o te pūngao UV, te pūngao hihi rānei e whiti ana ki tētahi mata motuhake, ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā watts/henimita tapawha, miriwatiti/henimita tapawha rānei. Ko te teitei ake o te pūngao UV e whiti ana ki te mata o te papa, ko te nui ake o te pūngao e uru ana ki roto i te kiriata waituhi. Ahakoa he miriwatiti, he mirijoule rānei, ka taea anake te ine ina tutuki te aro o te roanga ngaru o te mita irirangi i ētahi whakaritenga.
7. Me pēhea te whakarite kia tika te whakamaroke o te waituhi UV?He mea tino nui te whakamaroke o te kiriata waituhi ina puta tuatahi i roto i te wae whakamaroke. Mā te whakamaroke tika ka taea te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te papa, te whakamaroke nui, te whakamakuku anō me te whakamaroke iti, me te whakapai ake i te piri i waenga i te waituhi me te waikura, i waenga rānei i ngā paninga. Me whakatau e ngā whare tā mata ngā tawhā whakaputa i mua i te tīmatanga o te whakaputa. Hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga o te whakamaroke o te waituhi UV, ka taea e tātou te tīmata tā i te tere iti rawa e whakaaetia ana e te papa, me te whakamaroke i ngā tauira kua tāia i mua. Muri iho, whakatakotoria te kaha o te rama whakamaroke ki te uara kua tohua e te kaihanga waituhi. Ina mahi ana ki ngā tae kāore e ngāwari ki te whakamaroke, pērā i te pango me te mā, ka taea hoki e tātou te whakanui ake i ngā tawhā o te rama whakamaroke. I muri i te whakamatao o te pepa tā, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te tikanga atarangi rua-ara hei whakatau i te piri o te kiriata waituhi. Mena ka taea e te tauira te paahi i te whakamātautau marie, ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere o te kawe pepa mā te 10 putu ia meneti, kātahi ka taea te mahi tā me te whakamātautau kia ngaro ra ano te piri o te kiriata waituhi ki te papa, ā, ka tuhia te tere o te whitiki kawe me ngā tawhā rama whakamaroke i tēnei wā. Kātahi ka taea te whakaiti i te tere o te whitiki kawe mā te 20-30% e ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha waituhi, ki ngā taunakitanga rānei a te kaiwhakarato waituhi.
8. Ki te kore ngā tae e taupatupatu, me āwangawanga ahau kei pakari rawa?Ka puta te whakamaroke rawa ina nui rawa te hihi UV e mimiti ana i te mata o te kiriata waituhi. Ki te kore tēnei raruraru e kitea, e whakatauhia hoki i te wā tika, ka pakeke haere te mata o te kiriata waituhi. Heoi anō, ki te kore tātou e tā tā tae, kāore tātou e manukanuka nui mō tēnei raruraru. Heoi anō, me whakaaro tātou ki tētahi atu mea nui, arā, ko te kiriata, ko te papa rānei e tāia ana. Ka pā pea te hihi UV ki te nuinga o ngā mata papa me ētahi kirihou e pāngia ana e te hihi UV o tētahi roangaru. Ka taea e tēnei pāngia ki ngā roangaru motuhake me te hāora i te hau te whakakino i te mata kirihou. Ka taea te pakaru ngā here ngota i runga i te mata papa, ā, ka kore ai e piri te waituhi UV me te papa. He tukanga āta haere te whakakino i te mahi o te mata papa, ā, e pā tika ana ki te kaha o te hihi UV e whiwhi ana.
9. He waituhi kakariki te waituhi UV? He aha ai?Ki te whakaritea ki ngā waituhi whakarewa, he pai ake te taiao mō ngā waituhi UV. Ka taea e ngā waituhi ka taea te whakaora i te UV te totoka 100%, ko te tikanga ka noho ko ngā wāhanga katoa o te waituhi hei kiriata waituhi whakamutunga.
I tētahi atu taha, ka tukuna e ngā waituhi whakarewa ngā whakarewa ki te āhuarangi i te maroketanga o te kiriata waituhi. Nā te mea he matū waro pūngāwerewere ngā whakarewa, he kino ki te taiao.
10. He aha te waeine ine mō ngā raraunga mātotoru e whakaaturia ana i runga i te densitometer?Kāore he waeine o te mātotoru whatu. Ka ine te densitometer i te nui o te mārama e whakaatahia ana, e tukuna ana rānei mai i tētahi mata tā. Ka taea e te kanohi whakaahua-hiko e hono ana ki te densitometer te huri i te ōrau o te mārama e whakaatahia ana, e tukuna ana rānei hei uara mātotoru.
11. He aha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mātotorutanga?I roto i te tānga mata, ko ngā taurangi e pā ana ki ngā uara mātotoru ko te matotoru o te kiriata waituhi, te tae, te rahi me te maha o ngā matūriki tae, me te tae o te papa. Ko te mātotoru whatu te mea nui e whakatauhia ana e te opacity me te matotoru o te kiriata waituhi, ā, ko te rahi me te maha o ngā matūriki tae me ō rātou āhuatanga mimiti me te marara mārama ka pāngia hoki.
12. He aha te taumata dyne?Ko te Dyne/cm he waeine e whakamahia ana hei ine i te taumahatanga o te mata. Ka puta tēnei taumahatanga i te kukume i waenga i ngā ngota o tētahi wai (te taumahatanga o te mata) o tētahi totoka rānei (te kaha o te mata). Mō ngā mahi whaihua, ka kiia tēnei tawhā ko te taumata dyne. Ko te taumata dyne, te kaha o te mata rānei o tētahi papa motuhake, e tohu ana i tōna mākū me tōna piri ki te waituhi. Ko te kaha o te mata he āhuatanga ā-tinana o tētahi matū. He iti ngā taumata tā o te maha o ngā kiriata me ngā papa e whakamahia ana i roto i te tā, pērā i te 31 dyne/cm polyethylene me te 29 dyne/cm polypropylene, nō reira me whai maimoatanga motuhake. Ka taea e te maimoatanga tika te whakanui ake i te taumata dyne o ētahi papa, engari he wā poto noa iho. Ina rite koe ki te tā, kei reira ētahi atu āhuatanga e pā ana ki te taumata dyne o te papa, pērā i: te wā me te maha o ngā maimoatanga, ngā tikanga rokiroki, te haumākū taiao me ngā taumata puehu. I te mea ka taea te huri i ngā taumata dyne i roto i te wā, e whakaaro ana te nuinga o ngā pūreretā he mea tika kia rongoatia, kia rongoatia anō rānei ēnei kiriata i mua i te tānga.
13. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te maimoatanga mura?Kāore he pūwero o ngā kirihou, ā, he mata kore mahi (he iti te kaha o te mata). Ko te maimoatanga mura he tikanga mō te maimoatanga-mua i ngā kirihou hei whakanui ake i te taumata dyne o te mata o te papa. Haunga te mara o te tā i ngā pounamu kirihou, he whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā ahumahi motuka me te tukatuka kiriata. Ehara i te mea ka whakanui noa te maimoatanga mura i te kaha o te mata, engari ka whakakorea hoki te poke o te mata. Kei roto i te maimoatanga mura he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga ā-tinana me te matū uaua. Ko te tikanga ā-tinana o te maimoatanga mura ko te whakawhiti i te kaha o te mura pāmahana teitei ki te hinu me ngā poke i runga i te mata o te papa, ka mimiti i raro i te wera me te mahi horoi; ā, ko tana tikanga matū ko te nui o ngā katote kei roto i te mura, he kaha ngā āhuatanga waikura. I raro i te pāmahana teitei, ka tauhohe ki te mata o te mea kua rongoatia hei hanga i tētahi paparanga o ngā rōpū mahi porowhita kua utua ki runga i te mata o te mea kua rongoatia, ka whakanui ake i tōna kaha o te mata, ā, ka whakanui ake i tōna kaha ki te mimiti i ngā wai.
14. He aha te rongoā mō te korona?Ko te tukunga korona tētahi atu huarahi hei whakanui ake i te taumata dyne. Mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko teitei ki te roera pāpāho, ka taea te whaka-ionize i te hau e karapoti ana. Ina haere te papa i roto i tēnei rohe kua whaka-ionize, ka whati ngā here ngota i runga i te mata o te rauemi. Ko tēnei tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tānga hurihuri o ngā rauemi kiriata angiangi.
15. He aha te pānga o te kirihou ki te piri o te waituhi ki te PVC?He matū te kirihou e whakangawari ana, e whakangawari ana hoki i ngā rauemi tā. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Ko te momo me te nui o te kirihou e tāpirihia ana ki te PVC ngāwari, ki ētahi atu kirihou rānei, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hiahia o te tangata mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha, ā-wera me te hiko o te rauemi tā. Ka taea e ngā kirihou te heke ki te mata o te papa, ā, ka pā ki te piri o te waituhi. Ko ngā kirihou e toe ana ki te mata o te papa he poke e whakaiti ana i te kaha o te mata o te papa. Ko te nui ake o ngā poke i runga i te mata, ka iti ake te kaha o te mata, ā, ka iti ake te piri o te waituhi. Hei karo i tēnei, ka taea te horoi i ngā papa ki te wairewa horoi ngawari i mua i te tā hei whakapai ake i tō rātou āheinga tā.
16. E hia ngā rama e hiahiatia ana hei whakamaroke?Ahakoa he rerekē te pūnaha waituhi me te momo papa, i te nuinga o te wā, he rawaka te pūnaha whakamaroke rama kotahi. Ae, ki te nui tō tahua, ka taea hoki e koe te whiriwhiri i tētahi wae whakamaroke rama-rua hei whakanui ake i te tere whakamaroke. Ko te take he pai ake ngā rama whakamaroke e rua i te kotahi, he nui ake te kaha o te pūnaha rama-rua ki te papa i te tere kawe me ngā tautuhinga tawhā kotahi. Ko tētahi o ngā take matua me whakaaro tātou ko te mea ka taea e te wae whakamaroke te whakamaroke i te waituhi i tāia i te tere noa.
17. He aha te pānga o te matotoru o te waituhi ki te āheinga tā?He thixotropic te nuinga o ngā waituhi, arā, ka rerekē te matotoru o te waituhi i te wā kutikuti, te wā me te pāmahana. Hei tāpiri, ko te teitei ake o te tere kutikuti, ko te iti iho o te matotoru o te waituhi; ko te teitei ake o te pāmahana taiao, ko te iti iho o te matotoru ā-tau o te waituhi. Ko ngā waituhi tā mata he pai ngā hua i runga i te mīhini tā, engari i ētahi wā ka raru pea te tā i runga i ngā tautuhinga mīhini tā me ngā whakarerekētanga i mua i te pēhi. He rerekē anō hoki te matotoru o te waituhi i runga i te mīhini tā mai i tōna matotoru i roto i te kātere waituhi. Ka whakatakotohia e ngā kaihanga waituhi he whānuitanga matotoru motuhake mō ā rātou hua. Mō ngā waituhi he angiangi rawa, he iti rawa rānei te matotoru, ka taea hoki e ngā kaiwhakamahi te tāpiri i ngā whakamātotoru tika; mō ngā waituhi he matotoru rawa, he nui rawa rānei te matotoru, ka taea hoki e ngā kaiwhakamahi te tāpiri i ngā mea whakaranu. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e koe te whakapā atu ki te kaiwhakarato waituhi mō ngā mōhiohio hua.
18. He aha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pumau, te roa rānei o te wā e mau ai ngā waituhi UV?Ko te rokiroki o te waituhi he mea nui e pā ana ki te pumau o ngā waituhi. Ko ngā waituhi UV ka rongoatia i roto i ngā kātere waituhi kirihou, kaua i roto i ngā kātere waituhi whakarewa, nā te mea he nui te uruhanga hāora o ngā ipu kirihou, ka taea ai te whakarite kia noho he āputa hau i waenganui i te mata waituhi me te taupoki ipu. Mā tēnei āputa hau – inā koa te hāora i te hau – ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i te hononga wawe o te waituhi. Haunga te takai, he mea nui hoki te pāmahana o te ipu waituhi hei pupuri i tōna pumau. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei te whakaputa i ngā tauhohenga wawe me te hononga whakawhiti o ngā waituhi. Mā ngā whakarerekētanga ki te hanganga waituhi taketake ka pā pea ki te pumau o te whata o te waituhi. Mā ngā tāpiringa, inā koa ngā whakakorikori me ngā kaiwhakaoho whakaahua, ka whakapoto pea i te roa o te ora o te waituhi.
19. He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te tapanga i roto i te pokepokea ai (IML) me te whakapaipai i roto i te pokepokea ai (IMD)?He rite tonu te tikanga o te tapanga i roto i te pokepokea ai me te whakapaipai i roto i te pokepokea ai, arā, ka whakanohoia he tapanga, he kiriata whakapaipai rānei (kua oti te hanga, kāore rānei) ki roto i te pokepokea ai, ā, ka tautokona e te kirihou rewa i te wā e hangaia ana te wāhanga. Ko ngā tapanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te mea tuatahi ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tā rerekē, pērā i te gravure, te offset, te flexographic, te tā mata rānei. Ko ēnei tapanga ka tāia noa ki te mata o runga o te rauemi, ko te taha kāore anō kia tāia ka honoa ki te pokepokea ai weronga. Ko te whakapaipai i roto i te pokepokea ai te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei hanga wāhanga pakari, ā, ka tāia ki te mata tuarua o te kiriata mārama. Ko te whakapaipai i roto i te pokepokea ai te nuinga o te wā mā te whakamahi i te pūreretā mata, ā, me hototahi ngā kiriata me ngā waituhi UV e whakamahia ana ki te pokepokea ai weronga.
20. He aha te mea ka tupu mēnā ka whakamahia he waeine whakaora hauota hei whakaora i ngā waituhi UV tae?Neke atu i te tekau tau ngā pūnaha whakamaroke e whakamahi ana i te hauota hei whakamaroke i ngā hua tānga. Ko te nuinga o ēnei pūnaha e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakamaroke o ngā kakahu me ngā pana kiriuhi. Ka whakamahia te hauota hei utu mō te hāora nā te mea ka ārai te hāora i te whakamaroke o ngā waituhi. Heoi, nā te mea he iti rawa te māramatanga mai i ngā pūangi i roto i ēnei pūnaha, kāore i te tino whai hua ki te whakamaroke i ngā tae, i ngā waituhi tae rānei.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-24-2024
